12 Gauge Ammo for Small Game Hunting

Choosing the right 12‑gauge load for squirrels, rabbits, and upland birds — and making the most of your shotgun in the field.

If you’ve ever spent an early fall morning chasing squirrels through hardwoods, kicked up rabbits from brush, or flushed a covey of quail, you know that the 12‑gauge shotgun is one of the most versatile hunting tools ever made. But versatility doesn’t mean every shell is the same. Picking the right load for small game is what separates an ethical, efficient hunter from someone who just makes noise in the woods.

In this guide, we’ll break down:

• How shot size affects performance
  
  
• What works best for squirrels, rabbits, and upland fowl
  
  
• Which modern loads from top brands perform well
  
  
• How to choose the right combination for your style of hunting

What Shot Size Really Means — and Why It Matters

Shot size is the single most important factor when it comes to small‑game ammunition selection. The number on the box — #4, #5, #6, #7½, #8 — indicates pellet diameter, with higher numbers meaning smaller pellets.

Smaller shot gives you more pellets per shell and a denser pattern, but each pellet carries less energy. Larger shot means fewer pellets with greater penetration, which can be ideal for slightly larger game or longer‑range shots.

In Practice:

• Smaller pellets (#7½–#8): More hits, less penetration. Perfect for squirrels and close‑range targets.
  
  
• Medium pellets (#5–#6): Balanced count and power. Ideal for rabbits and most upland birds.
  
  
• Larger pellets (#4–#5): Fewer, heavier pellets that retain energy for longer‑range or larger birds.

For ethical kills and minimal meat damage, balance is key. Pick the smallest shot size that still guarantees clean penetration for your quarry.

Recommended Shot Sizes by Game Type

Shot selection should match your distance and terrain. Denser woods and close‑range shots benefit from lighter loads and smaller shot. Open fields or thicker cover may call for heavier pellets and slightly tighter chokes.

Top 12‑Gauge Small‑Game Loads Available Today

Below are some of the most dependable and accessible options currently on the market. These are factory loads that perform well for typical small‑game situations, whether you’re chasing bushytails, running rabbits, or hitting upland fields.

Note: Velocities are manufacturer‑listed. Actual performance will vary based on your shotgun’s barrel length, choke, and environment.

These five loads represent the backbone of reliable 12‑gauge small‑game ammunition. Federal and Winchester options are classics for everyday field work. Fiocchi’s heavier upland line delivers excellent long‑range energy, while HEVI‑Shot gives you a premium non‑toxic alternative for regulated zones.

How to Choose the Right Load for Your Hunt

1. Identify your quarry and environment: Are you hunting tight‑cover squirrels at 15 yards, or upland birds at 35? That decision drives everything else — shot size, shell length, and payload.
   
   
2. Match your shotgun and choke: Cylinder and improved‑cylinder chokes give wider spreads for close‑range shots. Modified or full chokes hold tighter for longer‑range work.
   
   
3. Choose the proper load length and material: Standard 2¾″ shells work best for small game. Save 3″ magnums for waterfowl or turkey. Lead offers dense energy; steel and bismuth are required in non‑toxic zones.
   
   
4. Test and pattern your shotgun: Every shotgun shoots differently. Pattern your load at your expected hunting distance. Look for even pellet distribution and reliable coverage in a vital‑sized area.
   
   
5. Keep recoil in mind: High‑velocity upland loads may feel snappy. If you’re planning a long hunt, a lighter 1 oz load can save your shoulder and help maintain accuracy late in the day.

Final Thoughts

The 12‑gauge is one of the most effective hunting tools ever created, but its versatility only shines when you feed it the right ammo. Small‑game hunting demands precision — not brute force.

For squirrels, go light: #7½ or #8 shot gives plenty of pattern density without destroying meat.
For rabbits, step up slightly to #6 or #5 for deeper penetration through fur and muscle.
For upland birds, #5 or #4 shot keeps patterns tight and lethal as ranges open up.

Choose proven loads from brands like Federal, Winchester, Remington, Fiocchi, or HEVI‑Shot, and always test your pattern before heading afield. The right combination of shot size, choke, and range awareness turns a good day in the field into a memorable one — every time.

For small game at closer ranges, pattern density is king. For side-by-side recommendations that include short-range hunting loads and defensive options, check our Best 12-Gauge Shotgun Shells for Hunting and Home Defense.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What does “#6” or “#8” shot size mean?

It refers to the pellet diameter. The higher the number, the smaller each pellet. Smaller pellets mean more per shell and denser coverage but less individual energy.

Can I use the same load for squirrels and rabbits?

Yes — a #6 shot can work well for both, especially if you hunt in mixed terrain. Just be mindful of range and choke choice.

Do I need to use lead shot?

Not necessarily. In lead‑restricted zones, use steel, bismuth, or tungsten‑based shot. Adjust up one or two shot sizes (e.g., #4 steel ≈ #6 lead) for similar performance.

Is the 12‑gauge overkill for small game?

It can be, if you use heavy loads or large shot. Light game loads in #7½ or #8 keep it controlled and ethical.

What choke works best for small game?

For most small‑game hunts, a cylinder or improved‑cylinder choke is ideal. Modified chokes work for upland birds at longer range.